Building A Resort On Great Lake - 859 Words

Goals and Communication Objectives: The goal of this project is to obtain city approval to build a resort on Great Lake, located in Great Lake City, Wisconsin. The project will bring in a large annual revenue and also create jobs for the city, unfortunately the project will effect a rare waterfowls habitat who lives in a slough on the lake. In order to obtain city approval Great Northern will have to address the residents and solve the issue of possibly enraged environmentalists about building the resort. Great Northern will communicate to the residents with three objectives in mind. First, to create awareness that the land has been sold to them to at least 70% of residents. Second, to create a positive company image to the more than half of the residents within one to two months. Last, to change the attitude of those who are against construction because it could hurt the waterfowl and sway people beliefs that the resort will be beneficial to Great Lake Cities economy. Key Publics: The primary figures that Great Northern will be concerned with while trying to win approval for the resort is the 5-member zoning commission and the separate 9-member city council. These organizations will be the main source Great Northern needs in order to gain approval, and it is ultimately their decision. Although, both groups will most likely want to hear public input on the project. This makes environmental groups a secondary public that Great Northern will need to win over as they areShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Analysis of Harrahs Entertainment1614 Words   |  7 Pagesalso named to the Forbes list of the best performing companies in the United States. It is focused on building loyalty and value with its customers through a unique combination of great service, excellent products, unsurpassed distribution, operational excellence and technology leadership. There are over 85,000 employees working for the company’s properties across the country. Lake Tahoe South Lake Tahoe is a city in El Dorado Country, California, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The east end of theRead MoreZimbabwe, the home of Great Zimbabwe and the Victoria Falls Essay846 Words   |  4 PagesZimbabwe, the home of Great Zimbabwe and the Victoria Falls, is located on the continent of Africa. It is found in the central southern part of Africa, but because of the impact of the country’s economic, cultural and political life, it is identified more with southern Africa than central Africa. Zimbabwe’s coordinates are 20 ° S, 30 ° E. B. Physical features 1. Size It is a land-locked country of 390,757km2 between the Zambezi River, to the north, and the Limpopo River, to the south. Ranked as theRead MoreSummer Was A Time For Traveling1511 Words   |  7 Pagesbeautiful view. However, unlike Samantha’s island escape, in the winter of 2014 she got to experience a big time camping mistake! No matter how hard Samantha tries to forget this atrocious vacation, she never can. Samantha, Jacob, her parents, and her great aunt Carry all packed their suitcases full of miscellaneous items, not knowing what they would be getting themselves into. Much like the island escape, the experiences, food, and the views all created an unforgettable memory; however, this campingRead MoreLas Vegas Resort Project Essay1942 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿DLindsey 24 Aug, 2013 Course Project Final Lake Las Vegas Boardwalk Resort Tourism You are a member of a firm that specializes in the development of world-class resort hotels around various parts of the world. A client has hired your firm to create a report and recommendations for a new resort somewhere in the United States. Course Project Lake Las Vegas Boardwalk Resort Development planning A boardwalk signifies relaxationRead MoreThis is an informative essay about many tourist attractions in europe.1621 Words   |  7 PagesRailways. This created the Conditions for the growth of larger scale forms of tourism. The seaside resort was the main beneficiary of this change, mostly in Britain where the Industrial Revolution 1st occurred. In Britain, a new demand was met by resorts which largely served regional markets. It was the Britons who in the late 19th century stimulated the growth of resorts such as Nice and Biarritz. These resorts were also frequented by royalty from other European countries, they thus became fashionableRead MoreTypes of Sinkholes983 Words   |  4 Pagescover-collapse sinkhole. This sinkhole shows up unexpectedly and can swallow cars, buildings and even people whole. Cover-collapse sinkholes are the types of sinkholes that gradually form underground due to water erosion and soluble rock. After enough time has passed and enough rock has dissolved, the cover-collapse sinkhole will open suddenly, causing the surface to crumble and break away completely. This poses a great danger for obvious reasons. In the past, cover-collapse sinkholes have killed manyRead MoreFrance Is The Most Romantic Place On Earth1007 Words   |  5 Pagesprettiest natural spectacles occurs in Provence, which is between the last week of June and first week of August. This is when lavender fields in The Luberon are in full bloom. The crowds return during the ski season which is December-March, packing out resorts in the Alps and Pyrenees. This offers excellent conditions for skiing. France, the largest country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the northwest by the English Channel which is La Manche. The country’s six-sided shape means it often gets referredRead Morethe main cities of the usa4461 Words   |  18 Pagescountry is Washington DC ( the District of Colombia ). It was chosen as permanent site for the nation’s capital on December 1800 by George Washington. It’s main cities are New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Boston. There are many tall buildings in them that really scrape the sky, that’s why they are called skyscrapers. It’s highly developed country. It is rich in coal, oil, iron and natural gas. It exports a lot of raw materials, industrials and agricultural products. The United StatesRead MoreBenefits Of A Shift From A Service Based Economy1266 Words   |  6 Pagesorganization of evening wine hour at every hotel, Kipmton Karma Rewards Club that provides a great loyalty program and so on. The guests are more willing to spend money in the hotel once they become regular recognized customers, which mean that it is presumable that they will return and spend more on hotel facilities such as spas, restaurants, bars and other services. What is more, by turning old interesting buildings into Green Key certified hotels using eco-conscious practices they therefore provide outstandingRead MoreEssay On Exploring Washington State With Kids1239 Words   |  5 Pageswhich provides for dramatic scenery, and has a multitude of national parks, rainforests, mountains, farms, hiking trail s, and, of course, great cities like Seattle. Whether you have a few days or longer, it’s possible to drive from one side of the state to another, stopping at small towns, villages, state parks, and comfortable, family-friendly hotels and/or resorts. If you plan on venturing to Washington State with the kids, we have the scoop on where to go, what to do, where to eat, and where to

In Harm’s Way Free Essays

Persuasive Essay: In Harm’s Way The sinking of the USS Indianapolis was a horrible event, which killed hundreds of soldiers, and left hundreds floating adrift in the sea with swarms of sharks circling around them. Captain McVay, the captain of the Indianapolis, was charged with negligence. Truly, Captain McVay did his job with what he had, and should not be the scapegoat for the navy. We will write a custom essay sample on In Harm’s Way or any similar topic only for you Order Now Generals, Lieutenants, and Commodores are all partially responsible for the sinking due to negligence, miss communication, and important top-secret intelligence. Captain McVay did nothing wrong, and did a great job as Captain with the knowledge and information that he was aware of. Inconsistent communication and information that were out of McVay’s control are responsible for the sinking of the USS Indianapolis. Captain McVay was an experienced captain and knew what needed to be done to run the ship and the procedures to travel safely during a period where Japanese subs were everywhere waiting to take down American ships. When the USS Indianapolis left San Francisco, McVay had a crew that was not experienced. Therefore, he requested to have his crew be trained and was promised that training would take place in Guam when they arrived. When they arrived to Guam the crew was not completely trained. If an emergency were to happen, the crew would not be trained properly, which would result in many deaths. McVay was not being negligent, he knew what needed to be done in advanced and the navy denied his request. With a crew that was not very experienced, McVay was about to sail from the Marianas Sea Frontier into the Philippine Sea Frontier, a passage that had a navy communication conflict between Admiral Nimitz and General MacArthur. The political conflict between Nimitz and MacArthur was somewhat resolved because Nimitiz ended up getting control. However, there was still tension between them that caused information about ships and important facts to sometimes become lost. During this time, the passage was dangerous due to Japanese subs and with inconsistent communication, The USS Indianapolis could be in trouble and communication could get lost. The ship was not equipped with sonar because it wasn’t used for finding and hunting down subs. McVay was aware of this and how dangerous it was to cross to Leyte. Aware of the dangers, McVay requested an escort to assist with a safe sail to Leyte. Lieutenant Waldron, the convoy routing officer then called to request an escort â€Å"Waldron inquired of the officer on duty whether there was an escort leaving for Leyte, with whom the Indianapolis might tag along. Waldron was told that none was necessary†(Stanton 70). McVay did his duty by requesting the escort however; Captain Oliver Naquin was the one who denied it. As Captain, McVay had to rely on mainland communication and intelligence. â€Å"naval command assumed that she could travel safely in the backwater unescorted†(70). Even if McVay disagreed with their decision, he would still have to follow orders. With no escort, McVay follow protocol to steer the ship to decrease the risk of getting hit by a torpedo and requested an intelligence report for the whereabouts of enemy subs. McVay knew to travel in a zigzag direction, which made the ship harder to hit. He was to follow a zigzag course during daylight hours, and at night, at his discretion, during periods of good visibility†(71). McVay followed this order but when the Indianapolis was hit, it was at night when McVay was sleeping and not zigzagging. The Navy blamed McVay for not zigzagging when the ship was hit, Zigzagging was only required by the navy during daylight. Also, the naval command thought it was going to be a safe sail unescorted in which McVay would obviously have to trust and agree with. This ended up being false and making his trip more dangers than expected. McVay took action and requested an intelligence report to be aware of any enemy subs since he had no escort. When McVay received the intelligence report, the most crucial and important information was not given. â€Å"Three days earlier, the USS Underhill, a destroyer escort, had been sunk by a Japanese torpedo†(72). This message was kept a secret, neither McVay or anyone that he was communicating with was aware of this attack. However, this was crucial information for McVay, because the attacked happened in the same route as the USS Indianapolis. Commodore James Carter met with McVay at the CINCPAC headquarters and was aware of the attack but neglected to mention it to McVay. Communication was a big factor in the attack of the USS Indianapolis and even when the ship sank, successful SOS messages did not get communicated right resulting in a delayed rescued mission. Before the ship went down SOS and even the ships coordinates were sent out multiple times to multiple communication stations. One of the messages was received at Leyte and Commodore Gillette sent out tugboats out to the location of the sinking. After seven hours of the twenty-one hours initial trip, Gillette ordered the tugs to abort and come back to Leyte. McVay did the right procedures during the sinking; Gillette on the other hand was negligent and did not further investigate the reported sinking. Many of the other messages that were received were either ignored or thought to be fake distress calls from the Japanese. Throughout World War two, consistent communication was very difficult. Japan was intercepting America’s communication and getting leads throughout the war. This caused inconsistent communication and intelligences, which resulted in disasters such as the USS Indianapolis because information was not being provided correctly. The navy new of such crucial information that was very important to the USS Indianapolis such as, the sinking of a navy ship three days before the Indy. The Indianapolis was carrying atomic bombs making its delivery very important even though very few people knew about the bombs. The navy was negligent for doing this, and if McVay had known about the secret information, he would have changed his tactics to make sure he completed his mission. How to cite In Harm’s Way, Papers

Vesak free essay sample

The third event was Lord Buddhas Parinibbana over 2500 years ago at Kusinagar. Apart from Sri Lanka, many Asian countries including India, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia and Nepal celebrate Vesak. Many religious activities are organized during this period in Sri Lanka such as Sil campaigns, Bodhi Poojas, Dansalas (Freely giving foods, coffee, tea from people),  Vesak devotional songs (Bakthi Gee), pandols (thoran) and lanterns. Many temples are filled with Atasil devotees and pilgrims all over Sri Lanka to mark this great event. In temples Buddhists worship, offer flowers, light lamps and burn incense. These traditional observances, in essence, have their value in satisfying the religious and emotional needs of the people. As it is mainly a religious event, for devout Buddhists, religious observances form the main activities of the festival. They generally wear white dress and go to the temple and participate in the traditional ceremonies there. Many of them spend the whole day in the temple and reaffirm their determination to follow the teachings of Buddha. We will write a custom essay sample on Vesak or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On this holy day the Dana plays an important role. Every devotee gives alms. This is a sign of sharing with joy and peace with people. During the Veask Festival week, the selling of alcohol and flesh is usually prohibited, with abattoirs also being closed. Other than the exclusive religious aspects of the festival, the Buddhists of Sri Lanka, decorate their houses and public places and arrange for various cultural events to bring happiness to everyone on that day. | | | | | | | | | Vesak Festival Highlights| | | | Birth of Siddhartha Gautama in Lumbini| | The Siddharth or lord Buddha, the divine creature inquired about five affairs before expiring for the final birth: right time, right area, right continent, right caste and right mother. Then, as any Buddhist knows, the fully mindful divine being entered the womb of Queen Mahamaya. A prince was born on a   Vesak Poya day to the Queen and King Suddhodana and was named Siddhartha, one who has found meaning of existence. The Queen passed away seven days after the princes birth. | | | | | | | | Siddharta Gautams supreme attainment as the Buddha | | Gautama Buddha was trained in various mental skills under many teachers, only to get disillusioned that they do not have the truth he looked for. The right way to achieve the truth dawned on him one day. He directed the mind in the right meditation path. Moments later he reached Enlightenment and conquered the world of sorrows on a  Vesak Poya day. | | | | | | | | Lord Buddhas Parinibbana | | 80-year old Gotama Buddha then announced His passing away, Parinibbana, would take place on the third watch of the night at Sal grove of Malla royal family, and it happened to be a  Vesak Poya day. | | | | | | | | Vesak / Wesak Pandols (Thorana) in Sri Lanka| | In  Vesak Season in Sri Lanka, Electrically lit Vesak pandols called toranas are erected in various locations in  Colombo and elsewhere, most sponsored by donors, religious societies and welfare groups. Each pandol illustrates a story from the 550 Jathaka Katha or the 550 Past Life Stories of the Buddha. While watching illuminated thoranas the recitation of Sinhala verses to the beat of the rabanas throughout the night became popular. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Vesak / Wesak Lanterns in Sri Lanka| | Vesak lanterns called  Vesak koodu are lit in most of the homes in Sri Lanka on Vesak poya day. The lighting signifies an offering to the memory of the Buddha who delivered the message of Dhamma. In ancient times, people used their clay oil lamps for illumination. When candles became popular, colourful lanterns were made in different shapes and used to be lit with these new modes of illumination. Many associations arrange to hold an exhibition of paintings or competition on Vest lanterns. The winners are awarded valuable prizes. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sil campaigns in Sri Lanka| | Many temples are filled with Atasil devotees and pilgrims all over Sri Lanka to mark this great event of  Vesak festival. | | | | | | | | References| | | |

Travel Essay Trip to the Bahamas Example For Students

Travel Essay Trip to the Bahamas Last Christmas, my cousins and I decided to explore the beautiful islands of the Bahamas. Unbeknownst to some, the Bahamas are comprised of more than one or two islands; in fact, more than than 700 islands make up this island country. Its an archipelago of kind and hospitable people, beautiful and temperate weather and a wide diversity of animals and vegetation. The Bahamas is an true island paradise and is located only 50 miles from the coast of Florida. To ensure a week full of fun, we secured our spot on a Royal Caribbean cruise. The cruise went to Nassau, Grand Bahamas Island, Andros Island and Atlantis. The week was full of warm tranquility and peace. The first thing on my to do list was swim on all beaches and then do the excursions. On the beaches, the sand was pink and the water was an amazing shade of crystal blue. My favorite activity was bonefishing and the shark encounters. I was brave enough to have more than six baby sharks circling around my legs. For twenty dollars I was able to try a warm Johnnycake, drink a medium Bahama Mama and swim with sharks. We will write a custom essay on Travel Trip to the Bahamas specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When I reached Atlantis I sat in the famous chair of Gold. On my third day, I kayaked through Andros Island through the cold rain and ate spiny lobster. The hotels compliment the beautiful island. They are just as peaceful and enjoyable. While looking out the window I saw jungle like surroundings and seas. The beautiful turquoise seas are homes to several gracious aquatic animals. The diversity of animals is incredible. You can see anything from the average dog to a dolphin within a few minutes. Colorful red and green birds hum tunes all over the beaches. As you walk into the Nassau blue sea off the white sandy beaches the streams of colors surround you. The schools of orange and yellow fish will swim beneath your stomach. Beautiful flags, signs, and photographers are everywhere. Make sure your always smiling. You might come out in a commercial or pamphlet. We went to the Bahamas right on time for their Junkanoo celebration. Throughout December 26 and January 1st Junkanoo is celebrated. This is a unique street carnival that is held every year. People go to the streets wearing colorful crepe paper while playing the Junkanoo music. You hear energetic rhythm of loud brass and cowbells fused together. People will dance all night and celebrate until the early morning. This cultural tradition lets you embrace who you are. Aside from the events and the people you will also love the Bahamian cuisine. Enjoy fresh seafood caught from the bay or taste some authentic fried conch made on shore. Just dont forget to try the refreshing coconut custard. There are many local fast food restaurants. You can find McDonalds, KFC, and Wendys. In conclusion, anyone should consider the Bahamas as a traveling destination. Glamorous weather, lovely beaches, and thousands of activities make it a luxury. The landscape and the people will make it an unforgettable experience. The simplicity of life that the Bahamas radiates is what makes it so attractive compared to the demanding dull New York I am used to. Like Bob Marleys infamous caribbean theme song, Three Little Birds, every little ting is gonna be alright, YA MAN .

Actions Taken Since September 2002 to Restore Investor Confi essays

Actions Taken Since September 2002 to Restore Investor Confi essays There have been many actions taken by many different organizations to restore investor confidence in American Corporations since September 2002. It is now ordinary to talk about a catastrophe of investor confidence but the fact that its a usual routine doesnt make it any less real, or any less tragic. Investing in the stock market today isnt a luxury or a concern of the idle rich; its a necessity for all of us, and thats why a majority of Americans are now invested in our stock markets. A July NBC/Wall Street Journal poll showed that 70% of investors said they have no confidence that financial information from companies and investment houses is straightforward and honest. Many individuals have been disappointed with the stock market due to loss of money to those who rig the markets or game the system. The problems in our system need to be fixed as soon as possible. The Securities and Exchange Commission has battled these problems for the past year. They are reforming their disclosure system and have adopted two rules required by Sabarnes-Oxley, which was an act passed just before September 2002. The first rule requires CEOs and CFOs to certify that quarterly and annual reports reveal everything investors should know about their company. The rule is effective immediately and assures true liability of corporate leaders. They have also adopted rules speeding up deadlines for corporate insiders to report transactions in their companys securities, including transactions with their company. Corporate authority has become a prime concern of the SEC since the latest scandals, because it affects the quality of financial statements and the stability of companies, which are matters in which consumers have a long-lasting interest and a valid responsibility to deal with. Their corporate governance system requires that corporate leaders be realistic with the interests of shareholders and...

5 Basic Principles Of Energy Security

5 Basic Principles Of Energy Security Energy security is put in first place among the priorities facing the European Union. Although the problems of ensuring energy security were standing in front of a united Europe from the beginning of the integration process in recent years they have acquired the greatest relevance and importance for the EU. This is due to the fact that today the EU depends 50% on external energy supplies to its market and on the policies pursued by supplier states. In addition, European countries are concerned about the well-known problems with the energy supply for them against the backdrop of turmoil between Russia, as the main EU energy supplier and Belarus and Ukraine, through whose territory the Russian hydrocarbons are delivered to the West. Russian-Ukrainian standoff on the issue of gas prices and transportation is the major concern of EU member states and compel them to talk about the need to diversify energy supplies. Concentrating 7% of world population, more than a quarter of world GDP an d 20% of world trade, the EU has only 2% of the world’s â€Å"black gold† and 4% natural gas. Limitation of its own resource base in Europe accounts for a significant dependence of the EU on external energy supplies. The European natural gas market is the third largest in the world. The volume of gas consumption in EU countries reached 513 billion m3 (21% of world consumption). Russia is the second largest EU oil supplier and provides 33% of the EU â€Å"black gold† needs. The Russian Gazprom is the leader in EU natural gas supplies with 46% of total. If we talk about security of energy supplies, the main task in this area is the energy sectors geographical and resource diversification i.e. the expansion of supply sources, supply routes and pipelines. The EU security in energy sector NABUKO I EU The European Union is seeking to protect self from energy dependence on Russia with diversification of natural gas supplies policy by agreements with non-conventional en ergy suppliers, the Caspian states (Caspian states have only 4-5% of world’s gas reserves). But due to the unreliability of Russian energy supplies through third countries (Belarus and Ukraine) as well as the possibility of using Russian resources as a political tool, transporting Caspian Sea hydrocarbons (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan) to the West has acquired great importance to the EU. Improve supply reliability and energy security EU responsible implementation of the Southern Gas Corridor. The planned corridor is composed of three parts: the Trans-Caspian gas pipeline (the project provides for delivery of natural gas from Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to Azerbaijan), Baku – Tbilisi – Erzurum (from Azerbaijan through Georgia to Turkey) and Nabucco (from Turkish territory, via Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary Austria). Thus, the reliability of energy supply in Europe is due to the changing geography of supply, increasing the number of exporting countries, th e creation of new infrastructure facilities. In the face of increasing competition from non-traditional suppliers of hydrocarbons Russia is very important to maintain the competitiveness of their energy in the European market, to ensure effective and reliable conditions for their transit to Western Europe.

Global Warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Global Warming - Research Paper Example Increased temperature creates rapid and irreversible changes on both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Terrestrial habitats subjected to a higher temperature become drier and can no longer sustain life. Such loss of habitat affects animals and can be a precursor for extinction of some species. As temperature increases, the habitat ranges of most species shifts. The shift is healthy for these animals as it creates range reduction forcing the animals into less hospitable habitat or increased competition. The change is stressful to the animals. Some species are affected and have nowhere to go because they are forced to reach their upper limit of habitat. Habitat displacement and alteration favors only the animals that can adapt to these changes (UNEP 13). Increased temperatures affect wetland habitats. Wetlands are important habitat for fish and other aquatic animal and also serve as breeding grounds for many waterfowl. Increase in global temperature will mean a permanently drier and warmer future. Such changes will result in increased habitat destruction as the animals will have no place to live or to breed. The arctic habitats are the most affected by increasing temperatures. The ice sheet are melting, and glaciers are reducing. Animals such as the polar bears that live in these habitats are affected. Ocean acidification due to climate change result in bleaching of the coral reefs that are among the habitats with the highest biodiversity (Chen-Tung 312). Habitat destruction and alteration affects wildlife because climate change rapidly changes these ecosystems. Global warming is an example of climate change effects that along with habitat destruction and pollution can result in increased extinction rates of animals and other related species. Climate change affects both the biology and ecology of most animals. It changes the availability of resources necessary for the animals to survive. With the lack of food, water, and space, it is difficult for a

Public Meeting Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Meeting Paper - Essay Example Last week, the council circulated a notice on an intended public meeting to be held in the Town Hall on Tuesday, November 1, 2011 starting 9.00 am to 11.00 am. The meeting Seated at the front were committee members along a hardwood table with the chairperson at the middle. Attendants were busy making adjustments on the microphone in order to ensure maximum audibility and on the projector to ensure that images focused fell on the projector sheet at the right angle with a favorable light intensity for maximum clarity. The chairperson, a young man in his late twenties, is a stickler for thoroughness, and he could not head a half-done work. The stage was all set and the music started booming from the large speakers placed at all corners of the hall. On the public side of the hall, the new benches proved inadequate for the many residents that showed up for the meeting. The room had become stuffy before the meeting started, but one of the attendants tapped a switch on the wall. The fans ab ove burst into life and a refreshing breeze filled the hall, freeing the public from the discomfort that had started to spread despite the chilly weather outside. The only security guard at the event could even manage a smile as he cast glances across the hall. Tempe town is known for its peace-loving residents and probably that is why organizers found it unnecessary to hire more security officers for the event. Since people are quite unpredictable, meetings like these should have more security guards since a group of calm people can turn to a mob at the slightest provocation. Organizers of the event should have put more thought into this, and that is why, though not in this particular meeting, they may end up learning a security lesson the hard. It is also necessary to consider that shooters on rampage have increased and as such, venues form a perfect niche for maximum casualty infliction. At exactly 9.15 am, the master of ceremony walked to the stage along the brightly lit aisle, took the microphone, and requested a local Baptist church pastor to lead with opening prayers. The treasurer then read the financial report for the last six months. Using graphs and diagrams, he explained the financial status of the council, giving both income and expenditure outlines. He used a laser pointer to emphasize on essential details of which the public was supposed to take note. The treasurer’s speech was elaborate giving all the technical detailed information of the trading, profit and loss account, the balance sheet and cash flow sheet among other details. Though important, the public could benefit more if the report was given in layman terms and language. Most people were seen to yawn with many moving out incessantly. A few odd ones were asleep despite the congestion on the hard benches, a clear indication of how tasking it was listening to this accounting jargon. Though the meeting went on smoothly, a rule should have been made to limit people from going out of the hall, especially when a speaker was talking. Because of these movements, attention shifted from the speaker so frequently that the chairperson had to call for order three times in a row. After question time, the chairperson gave his speech in which he thanked the public for continuous support of the council’s activities. The chairperson apologized to those who did not understand the

Dynamics Of Globalization Essay Example for Free

Dynamics Of Globalization Essay Two themes emerge from Robert D. Kaplan’s â€Å"The Coming Anarchy. † The first is civilization and de-civilization against all odds. The second is Africa, an example of the group countries that are left behind by civilization. These two themes will be discussed in this essay. The movie â€Å"Girl in the Cafe† is a perfect illustration of what is happening in Africa. The movie took place at a time where most countries have attained a high level of civilization. They have technologies, cultural developments and modern values and concerns. It took place at a time where globalization is at a high level that countries’ leaders meet together to decide the fate of the world. Amidst all their issues stood one issue that not all countries find to be a priority—the condition in Africa and the fate of its people amidst the poverty and difficulties being experienced in the country. It is sad to say that when globalization began to take place, not all countries were able to follow. In fact, even at present, some countries are too attuned to being globalized, but most countries are still struggling with the concept and imagining themselves being globalized and enjoying the benefits that are claimed to come together with globalization. Some countries remain behind their countries’ boundaries by choice, but many remains behind by sheer inability to cope with world developments. Unfortunately, the so-called gap between the rich and poor manifests not only among individuals, but also among countries. Unfortunately, these poor countries are the ones always plagued with issues and hindrances that make it more difficult for them to globalize. Unfortunately, these poor countries are always left behind. It may be asked, â€Å"how did globalization come about? † Globalization may be a need as many people say. In my opinion, globalization is a product of civilization. The world began kept with boundaries. People in the past have limited view of the word. There is an international anarchy, not in the sense that there is chaos and disorder, but in the sense that there is no central government that governs the whole world. Governments are small and order is limited to very small communities. However, people began to explore and discover. They form larger governments and organize into states. Globalization is just a continuation of this—a manifestation of a search for a more advanced civilization. In fact, there were several claims in the past about the creation of an international government. Even at present, an international legal order is manifest, although loosely due to several conceptual and political hindrances such as sovereignty of states. However, it cannot be denied that countries are now forming unions and organizations and building international institutions such as courts and tribunals to govern conduct. The inquiry is therefore clear. â€Å"Will the world organize into a bigger union? † The irony in this question is that many countries such as Africa has not yet achieved the high level of civilization that many other countries have achieved. By not being highly civilized, I do not mean to say that they are savage, but only that they are left behind in terms in terms of political, economic and technological developments. Theirs are mostly a case of lawlessness and crime. Chaos and disorder prevails dues to poverty, disease and inadequate natural resources that are existing in the country. It is like being back during the period before the existence of social contracts where every man is a man for himself. The main concern is individual survival, not the advancement of civilization. These countries who were left behind have not made themselves as civilized and globalized as others countries have made themselves. How can they cope with the new world order that will be established in case civilization and globalization become more advanced? Going back to the question, the articles answer seems to be no. The pattern that may be observed is not integration, but disintegration. Countries are beginning to disaffiliate from their respective unions and affiliations. The reasons are simple, resources are scarce and countries have to fight over these resources to survive. It is â€Å"Africa† in a larger scale. The thing that prevents countries like Africa from assimilating to a grand globalization scheme will prevent many countries from becoming more politically and socially advanced. Worse, it may cause their social and political system to deteriorate, bringing them back to a path where they have already trodden before. That path is a path towards pre-civilization. Anarchy may return. An era of lawlessness and crime may again plague the world. The world may revert to the period before civilization when there is no social contract. The world may go back to a period where it is every man for himself or every country for itself. The pillars of cooperation, which countries have so painstakingly erected may easily collapse in the middle of poverty, need and competition for scarce resources. This prediction may be exaggerated, but it may happen; and what better way exists to show what may happen, but through an exaggeration. It is again a point of interest at this point the situation in countries like Africa. While Africa and other countries are still struggling to achieve the level of civilization and globalization that exist in the world, other countries are already going through the process of de-globalization and de-civilization. Even in de-globalization and de-civilization, they seem to be unable to keep up. Or is it that other countries are the ones keeping up with them in terms of de-globalization and de-civilization? It is in times like this that one may realize why government and laws are important. There may be wrongs committed in the government and it may limit or even abuse individual rights. However, governments create order. In times of difficulties, governments take charge. Governments are necessary in the development of a healthy and orderly social and political system. Law controls people. It may cause evils, but it also controls evils. Law is essential in governance and civilization.

Literary Essays :: Literature

In literary essays, students are exploring meaning and construction of a piece of literature. In a review students are discussing overall effect and validity of written work, while in a literary essay students are paying more attention to specifics. Students are taking a piece of writing and trying to discover how and why it is put together way it is. Students must adopt a viewpoint on work in question and show how details of work support their viewpoint. Like the novel, the essay is a literary device for saying almost everything about almost anything. By tradition, almost by definition, the essay is a short piece, and it is therefore impossible to give all things full play within the limits of a single essay. But a collection of essays can cover almost as much ground, and cover it almost as thoroughly, as can a long novel. Montaigne's Third Book is the equivalent, very nearly, of a good slice of the Comà ©die Humaine. Essays belong to a literary species whose extreme variability can be studied most effectively within a three-poled frame of reference. There is the pole of the personal and the autobiographical, there is the pole of the objective, the factual, the concrete-particular, and there is the pole of the abstract-universal. Most essayists are at home and at their best in the neighborhood of only one of the essay's three poles, or at the most only in the neighborhood of two of them. There are the predominantly personal essayist s, who write fragments of reflective autobiography and who look at the world through the keyhole of anecdote and description. There are the predominantly objective essayists who do not speak directly of themselves, but turn their attention outward to some literary or scientific or political theme. †¦ And how splendid, how truly oracular are the utterances of the great generalizers! †¦ The most richly satisfying essays are those which make the best not of one, not of two, but of all the three worlds in which it is possible for the essay to exist The research essay leads students into works of others and asks students to compare their thoughts with their own.

Case Study Analysis of “Wal-Mart: the Main Street Merchant of Doom” Essay

The rapid and enormous expansion of Wal-Mart and its market share have changed the landscape of Main Street in towns and cities across America. By 1981, Wal-Mart became Americas largest retailer. It has approx. 6,700 stores worldwide, $345 billion in net sales (2007), and roughly 100 million weekly customers. Wal-Marts massive footprint has had three primary areas of concern: 1) Putting local small business merchants out of business 2) The creation of urban sprawl 3) Traffic congestion †¢ Largest purchase made from overseas which forced local manufacturers out of business. †¢ Oppositions from labor unions and activists organizations regards to low wage, low benefits and taking advantage of illegal immigrants. †¢ Gender discrimination against women. †¢ Most sued company in America in respect of lawsuits. In the mid 1980†²s, Wal-Mart was becoming responsible for the loss of American jobs due to the sheer volume of foreign purchases from its overseas vendors. The company was contacted by then Gov. Bill Clinton and he requested that they devise a plan to support American manufacturing. Wal-Mart responded with a â€Å"Buy American† program to support American manufacturers, but the plan was eventually abandoned. Wal-Mart is currently the largest purchaser of Chinese products. This shift in policy caused the loss of American manufacturing jobs once again. The aggressive marketing of Wal-Mart, its purchasing power and intent to provide very inexpensive goods to the consumer has shut down many local merchants. Even with continued resistance in many communities, Wal-Mart has continued to expand worldwide in brute force. The varying cultures across the globe that Wal-Mart attempts to move into have also proven to be very resistant. There have been cases of Wal-Mart not respecting the language or culture of the respecting community and they have closed their doors or taken a different approach including the purchase of well known local chains to retain a familiarity and business model that works. Analysis/Evaluation: The primary social stakeholders of Wal-Mart are the citizens in the community, local consumers, employees, local environment, American manufacturers, local small business and shareholders. The secondary social stakeholders are the local, state and federal government (state and federal due to Wal-Mart’s enormous financial impact on the U.S. Economy and its lobbying power), anti-Wal-Mart activists (including local community activists, broad-based activists against the spread of â€Å"The Wal-Mart Way†, and environmental activists), the media. Responsibilities Economical Responsibilities: Provide fair paying jobs, profit to shareholders with as little impact as possible on local merchants, purchasing from U.S. Manufacturers as much as possible Legal Responsibilities: Protecting Wal-Mart employees, protecting shareholders with sound business practices and limiting costly lawsuits that may affect their bottom line, comply with local/state/federal environmental and consumer laws. Ethical Responsibilities: Take into consideration the impact on local small businesses of the communities it moves into, listen and respect the wishes, concerns and cultures of those communities, reduce environmental impact. Philanthropic Responsibilities: Give back to the community and environment equal to or greater than what it has taken, continue to fund charities such as scholarships in proportion to the growth of Wal-Mart and its net profit. COURSES OF ACTION/ALTERNATIVES: †¢ It can save the local manufacturers from the episodes of global recession. But if purchases are made from other countries there are alternatives for a company. †¢ A revision should be made in respect of the benefits of the employees, which may render many jobless. †¢ Need to focus on development of employees irrespective of their gender. If not then there will be male dominant workforce and will effect the reputation of the company. †¢ Appoint a specialist team to detect the route cause to avoid future lawsuits against the company. VALUATION/SELECTION OF BEST ALTERNATIVE: †¢ Give an opportunity to small merchants to work with the company and it can be proved useful. †¢ Provide good benefits to the employees so that they are motivated to work loyally. †¢ Form an alliance with an external party to help solve the problems of the employees. †¢ Stop employing employees who prove to be a liability for the company. †¢ Avoid cheap labor by not employing illegal immigrants. †¢ Revision of benefits strategy. Limited risk initiative. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN: †¢ Purchasing from the local market at a reasonable price will lead to good business relations. Will increase the market

Frederick Douglass Essay

â€Å"What he most dreaded, that I most desired.† (Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass pg.48) Frederick Douglass states that knowledge and literacy are great forms of power. Slaves are considered property and are not treated with respect, and in his novel, Douglass expresses how he was able to overcome the altercations that he had to face contrasting it with how important it is to be literate. From being a former slave for life, to the education that his masters revoked from him, this man’s life was filled with hardships. In this novel, Douglass expresses the importance of knowledge by describing how he was able to learn, read, and write ,also what he discovered by becoming literate. This essay focuses on the ways literacy played an important role in his life, how knowledge can occasionally make you feel badly, and how knowledge being suppressed from those who are slaves affected the running of the slave system in the United States. â€Å"There can be no freedom without education.† This sentence was written by a slave named Fredrick Douglass. During slavery, â€Å"masters†¦ keep their slaves thus ignorant† (Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass pg.19) therefore, to keep them from rebelling against their owners and causing chaos throughout the south. Douglass writes how he was unable to continue receiving the education that his mistress started to provide him with because her husband instructed her to do otherwise. â€Å"A nigger should know nothing but to obey his master-to do as he is told to do. Learning would spoil the best nigger in the world. If you teach a slave how to read, they would become unmanageable and have no value to his ma ster.† (Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass pg.47) The mistress’ husband understood that by maintaining slave’s grasp of knowledge the owners will constantly have them under control. If slaves were informed that there was something called abolition which would provide them with freedom, then they would cease to stay on the land of their owners, and even more importantly, not allow their  owners to own them and rebuttal. But something happened in Douglass’ life that assisted him to chase after the power of knowledge. With the sudden change of his mistress treating him as a man of no rights from previously portraying him as an equal caused an upset to the slaves owned by her husband. Douglass, however, started to discover what potential his knowledge could actually do for him. He states, â€Å"Nothing seemed to make her more angry than to see me with a newspaper. She seemed to think that here lay the danger† (Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass pg.51) By Douglass being capable of reading he realize d the more he read â€Å"the more I was led to abhor and detest my enslavers.† (Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass pg.53) Douglass’ literacy allowed him to understand what freedom is and his â€Å"determination to be free† (Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass pg.81) only continued to grow. Frederick Douglass’ life was affected poorly by being literate at first. By reading different literature pieces like The Columbian Orator, Douglass discovered that there was a hope for him to become a free man. However, â€Å"Learning to read had been a curse rather than a blessing.† (Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass pg.53) Douglass displays how terrible he feels for not being able to do anything to free himself. He sometimes wishes that he was as ignorant as his fellow-slaves, who were used to their condition of not being aware that there was something that could potentially bring them freedom. He states, â€Å"I was broken in body, soul, and spirit. My natural elasticity was crushed, my intellect languished, the disposition to read departed, the cheerful spark that lingered about my eye died; the dark night of slavery closed in upon me; and behold a man transformed into a brute!†(Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass pg.73) These statements Douglass shows how the idea of freedom tormented him and turned him violent. Being so close, but yet so far from freedom causes him to suffer. The knowledge which he has acquired is of no use when he is a slave and seems to be a useless attribute. However, Douglass does in fact â€Å"finally succeed in making†¦escape from slavery† (Narrativ e of the life of Frederick Douglass pg.103) his freedom allows him to speak his mind and put his knowledge to good use. Although he is free, Douglass does not turn his back on â€Å"a brother slave†. (Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass pg.103) Instead, Frederick Douglass has â€Å"been engaged in pleading the cause of my brethren.† (Narrative of the life of Frederick  Douglass pg.117) Many of these slave women and men are trapped by slavery. African-Americans were continually restrained of their freewill and forced to live a life of serving the â€Å"White Man†. â€Å"It was the blood-stained gate, the entrance to hell of slavery, through which I was about to pass† (Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass pg.23). Controlled by white men, slaves were trained to believe that they were inferior to the owner. â€Å"There were no beds given to the slaves, unless one coarse blanket to be considered such, and none but men and women had these.† (Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass pg.26) The slaves were controlled by their lack of knowledge and fear of the Master. â€Å"By far the larger part of the slaves knows as little of their ages as horses know of theirs.† (Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass pg. 19) Ignorance also played a major role in the controlling of slavery. Every master was well aware that they needed to know almost everything, and the slaves had to know almost nothing. This would allow the slave owners to not worry about a revolt against them, since education was not offered nor was it allowed on the slaves own time to partake in learning. The slaves were convinced that â€Å"a still tongue makes a wise head† (Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass pg. 34) since that was what they were told to think. By slaves having no education and no opportunities to speak freely the slave system flourished. â€Å"A single word from the white men was enough-against all our wishes, prayers, and entreaties-to sunder forever the dearest friends, dearest kindred, and strongest ties known to human beings.† (Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass pg.58)

How to Stay Inspired Everyday [Infographic]

How to Stay Inspired Everyday [Infographic] It may be difficult waking up every morning with an optimistic and energized attitude, especially when faced with a world of uncertainty. But there are steps you can take to ensure that you are inspired every single day. The folks over at 24Slides  have compiled an infographic with 12 useful tips on how you can  stay inspired every day. Check the infographic out below:

The development of the human resource Research Paper

The development of the human resource - Research Paper Example A behavior or skill that I think specifically worked to help me grow in my career was my ability to judge and evaluate the situation at once. I as a human resource professional see myself along the definition of band two. I have gained enough experience to be able to advice and manage human resource issues occurring all across the organization. I have it in me to stand objectively and view things like an outsider would and come up with solutions that work for everyone. I have evolved and gained knowledge, skills and competencies that make me successful at what I do. At band 2 I am more flexible and empowered to action and influence others to work effectively and efficiently. My aspiration to be the centre of the HR department and work as a HR mentor specified at band four makes motivates me to be more responsible, accountable and innovative. Performance and reward, though being a part of band 1, I understand it is a key driver of HR & Business strategy and developing an organization culture. Performance and reward refers to linking performance with reward – tying rewards with performance. Team/Group incentives, Sales commission, Recognition award are the examples of the aforesaid definition. Performance encompasses quantity, quality & timeliness of output, presence at work, cooperativeness, etc. etc. Rewards refer to all kind of financial and non-financial return by the employer. There are two types of rewards: Intrinsic rewards come from inside the person. Motivation, recognition, appreciation or acknowledging one’s efforts are the examples of intrinsic rewards. Extrinsic rewards refer to tangible rewards, such as annual pay raise, bonuses or days-off, etc. Employee Engagement:... Performance and reward, though being a part of band 1, I understand it is a key driver of HR & Business strategy and developing an organizational culture.Performance and reward refer to linking performance with reward – tying rewards with performance. Team/Group incentives, Sales commission, Recognition award are the examples of the aforesaid definition.Rewards refer to all kind of financial and non-financial return by the employer. There are two types of rewards: Intrinsic rewards come from inside the person. Motivation, recognition, appreciation or acknowledging one’s efforts are the examples of intrinsic rewards. Extrinsic rewards refer to tangible rewards, such as annual pay raise, bonuses or days-off, etc.Employee Engagement: Organizations now realize that a â€Å"satisfied† employee does not guarantee maximum productivity. Another category of employee is an â€Å"engaged† employee – the most productive & loyal employee. An engaged employee is always willing to move a way forward in order to delight the customers. He/She is intellectually and emotionally bound with the organization, tries to yield 100% and is always passionate about his/her goals whilst committed to living by its values. Organization design: In this context, I give below the dimensions of five configurations:- Simple structure: It is usually found in small organizations where the manager and owner is one and the same person. It has a low degree of departmentalization and formalization while span of control & authority is delegated to a single person.

Applied economic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Applied economic - Assignment Example Given that model 2 is the correct model, the Gauss-Markov theorem tells me that the model’s ordinary least square estimators are the best estimators under classical linear regression models. This implies that the coefficients are the best for the model and the R2 is the highest that the model can attain (Wooldridge 102). Suppose a test was conducted on the hypothesis at 15 percent level of confidence and a p-value of 0.119 obtained, the test result would mean that no significant relationship exist. This is because for a two tailed test, implied by the alternative hypothesis that ÃŽ ²1≠ -3, then the confidence level for the test is 0.075. The p-value is therefore greater that the confidence level and this means that the null hypothesis is not rejected. Conducting the test 10 percent level could change the conclusion on significance. This is because of the associated increment in confidence interval that could extend to cover the critical value. Assuming that Ram (2009) is correct in his model in which openness is a significant factor to government’s expenditure, then expected value of error term in the model that omitted the openness variable cannot be zero and the expression is not valid. This is because of effects openness that was factored in the error term and meant that what was perceived to be the error term was not error but effects of an unidentified variable. Even though both models leads to rejection of the null hypothesis, the greater absolute t-statistic from model two offers better evidence for rejecting the null hypothesis because it would ensure rejection of the null hypothesis at a greater level of precision than would model 1. The greater absolute value of the statistic in model two explains this because greater statistic than a reference value implies significance. Suppose population is added to model 1, then

Changing role of computer assisted langauge learning (CALL) Essay

Changing role of computer assisted langauge learning (CALL) - Essay Example Given that scores of tutors and apprentices are already on the social media, the acquaintance with these sites makes it a comfortable avenue on which they can freely communicate and express their views. The SMs are social sites, which enhance socialisation, encourage creativity, as well as sharing of information. Consequently, these sites can be used to boost exchange of ideas and cooperation within the teachers and students body (Josteen, 2012). Page 4 According to Josteen (2012), the popularity of social media is another reason for choosing it as an educative media. The use of various social networks among students proves that a majority of them access SM from desktops or the use of mobile phones. Facebook ranks first in popularity among the other tools for social networking; it has more than eight hundred million subscribers. Linked In and Twitter have fewer users, at around 100 million and 500 million users, respectively. This implies that they are quickly closing in on the gap o pened by Facebook. The increasing trend indicating the popularity in use of technology and social media in both current and incoming students have revealed to educators that social media serves the function of academically reaching out to a large number of students hence fostering apprentices results in the classroom. Therefore, the use of SM facilitates sharing of information thus drawing people with similar educational and technological interests to unite. Page 8 Josteen (2012) asserts that such SM tools as Facebook, twitter, YouTube and Linked In are web 2.0 appliances amplify the creation and exchange of user-generated content. In their elucidation of SM’s relation to Web 2.0, Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) postulate that SM is an Internet-based appliances’ group, which builds upon Web 2.0 ideological and scientific nitty-gritty, and facilitates the generation and sharing of user-generated substance. In SM, user-generated content implies the generated and exchanged dig ital images, text, video, as well as video. Moreover, SM entails a range of web-based appliances, which foster communication (Facebook, Twitter, and blogs), multimedia exchage (YouTube and Flicker), as well as collaboration (social bookmarking and wikis). Page 15 SM allows people to create networks throughout the world and augment relationships by swapping private and expert information. Josteen (2012) indicates that many instructors acknowledge SM’s popularity thereby raising their curiosity in incorporating its usage into the contemporary classroom. Moreover, SM can have a favorable effect on learning professionals via the expansion of a system of contemporaries, community building, as well as membership engagement. By building an enhanced understanding via expert development, instructors can better recognise the best means of implementing SM in order to realise their pedagogical objectives. SM presents a professional advancement opportunity without requiring an individual to leave his/her workstation. In addition, it offers instructors a channel of collecting resources, including research material and publications, for learning novel strategies via blog posts and videos in order to get news and updates affecting their areas of profession. SM saves instructors time and resources in achieving professional requirements while offering skills and experience in utilising SM to boost their teaching. Therefore, instructors should make

Exploiting Dynamic Querying like Flooding Techniques in Unstructured Essay

Exploiting Dynamic Querying like Flooding Techniques in Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks Review - Essay Example ses the potential solution (algorithm) for making dynamic querying like flooding technique useful for the general unstructured peer-to-peer networks. Comments: Researcher for evaluating KaZaA, BitTorrent and other unstructured network topology can use the material for checking and implementing the enhanced algorithm method and evaluation produced in this paper. (2) ã‚ ¤Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ'ˆãÆ' ­Ã£Æ'€ã‚ ¯Ã£â€š ·Ã£Æ' §Ã£Æ' ³Ã£  ¯Ã£â‚¬ Ã§  â€Ã§ © ¶Ã£  ®Ã¨Æ'Å'æ™ ¯Ã£â€šâ€žÃ¥â€¹â€¢Ã¦ ©Å¸Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£â‚¬ Ã£ â€œÃ£  ®Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã©â€¡Å½Ã£  ®Ã£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'šã‚ ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'ˆã  §Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ¤ º ºÃ£  «Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£â€š Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã¨â€˜â€°Ã£  §Ã¦ËœÅ½Ã§ ¢ ºÃ£  «Ã¨ ¿ °Ã£  ¹Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€¹(Does the introduction clearly state the background and motivation in terms understandable to the non-specialist?) Comments: The introduction is very simple, clear, and understandable to the non-specialist. It provides the background and motivation for discussing an enhanced algorithm for peer-to-peer network for searching. (5) 㠁“㠁 ®Ã¨ «â€"æâ€"‡ã  ®Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã©â€¡Å½Ã£  ®Ã£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'šã‚ ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'ˆã  §Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ¦Å â‚¬Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¨â‚¬â€¦Ã£  «Ã£  ¨Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€œÃ£  ®Ã¨ «â€"æâ€"‡ã  ¯Ã£  ©Ã£  ®Ã£  Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£ â€žÃ¨ ª ­Ã£  ¿Ã£â€šâ€žÃ£ â„¢Ã£ â€žÃ£ â€¹(How readable is the paper for an engineer who is not a specialist inthis particular field?) Comments: The paper for an engineer who is not a specialist in this particular field is readable. However, if researchers have included ceratin keywords, the definitions of certain concepts, terms, and symbols than it would be an excellent paper. This paper discusses the dynamic querying like technique that is adopted by the Gnutella like peer-to-peer network. In this technique, the source peer first sends query packets towards a few neighbors with a small TTL value to have an initial estimate of the popularity of the searched item. This process is iterative and in each iteration; the source peer estimates the number of peers to be contacted for desired number of result, calculation of TTL for query for sending to the next neighbor and finally propagating query to the next neighbor. Once the desired number of result found the iterative process stops. However, in this technique, the latency can be

Structure And Functions Of The Skeletal System

Structure And Functions Of The Skeletal System HUMAN SKELETON is the internal structure that holds the human body up and with the help of the muscular system allows us to move, also works to protect the delicate and vital organs found inside it from being damaged. At birth the human skeleton is made up of 275 different bones and as the body matures some of these bones start to fuse together leaving only 206 bones in an adult human. A skeleton has got five different job roles which are: Blood production. Movement Shape Protection DIAGRAM: BACK FRONT (@Google) There are two major systems of bones in the human body which are Axial Appendicular skeleton. AXIAL SKELETON it is essentially suited for protection. It forms the main axis/core of a human skeletal system. It consists of: Cranium protects the brain. Made up of hard sheets of bones with fixed joints. Sort of a ball shape at the back. It is comprised of eight cranial and fourteen facial bones. The cranial bones make up the protective frame of bone around the brain. The facial bones make up the shape of a human face. DIAGRAM: (@Google) Thorax takes part in both protecting the heart and lungs, and also helps in shape of the body. Made up of a sternum and 12 pairs of ribs. Forms a concave shape. Ribs are flat bones that are close together and make a concave shape that goes around the internal organs that are vital such as heart and lungs. DIAGRAM: fully labeled on next page. (@Google) Vertebral column (spine or backbone) consists of a series of 33 irregularly shaped bones that are called vertebrae. Extends from the base of the cranium to the pelvis, providing a central axis for the body Accounts for around 40% of a human overall weight. The vertebrae of a human spine are held together strongly by powerful ligaments that allow little movement between your adjacent vertebrae but afford a considerable degree flexibility along the spine as a whole. Its main job role is to protect the spinal cord even though it also helps by supporting the ribcage by maintaining the balance between it and the abdominal cavity. The bones of a vertebral column have got cartilage joints. It is divided into parts which are: Cervical vertebrae (seven) these are the vertebrae in the neck. The first two are known as the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2). These two form a pivot joint that allows the head and neck to move freely. It is the smallest and most vulnerable vertebrae of the vertebrae column but it is the most important because it sends signal to the thoracic from the head. Thoracic vertebrae (twelve) these are the vertebrae of the mid spine, which articulate with the ribs and are also found in the thorax. The thoracic vertebrae are larger than the cervical ad increase in size from top to bottom. Lumbar vertebrae (five focused) these are situated at the lower back and are the largest of the movable vertebrae. They are required to support more weight than other vertebrae and provide attachment for many of the muscles of the back. The discs that lie between these vertebrae produce a concave curve in the back. Sacral vertebrae (five) these are fused to form the sacrum. This is a triangular bone located below the lumbar and it forms the back wall of the pelvic griddle sitting between the two hip bones. Coccygeal vertebrae (four focused) this is the last part of the vertebral column which has got four fused bones that form a coccyx or a tail bone. DIAGRAM: (@Google) APPENDICULAR SKELETON it is for movement/leverage, shape, and blood production. It can also sometimes take part in protection Consists of 126 bones makes body movement possible and protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction. The word appendicular means referring to an appendage or anything attached to a major part of the body, such as the upper and lower extremities. The appendicular skeleton is the part of the skeleton that includes the pectoral girdle, the upper limbs, the pelvic girdle, and the lower limbs. The appendicular skeleton and the axial skeleton together form the complete skeleton Pectoral griddle consists of two shoulder blades (scapulae) and two collar bones (clavicles). These bones articulate with one another, allowing some degree of movement. Shoulder blades (scapulae) is a flat triangular bone which stretches from the shoulder to the vertebral column at the back. On the back side it has a bony ridge for the attachment of the muscles. The bony ridge forms a major projection, the acromion, above the shoulder joint. Beneath the collar bone and just on the inside of the shoulder joint, is another bony projection of the shoulder blade, the coracoid process, which also serves for the attachment of muscles. The upper outer corner of the shoulder blade ends in the glenoid cavity into which fit the head of upper arm bone forming a ball and socket joint. collar bones (clavicle) has got a rod-shaped and forms a roughly S-shape It lies horizontally and articulates with the upper end of the breastbone, right in the middle and front, just above the first rib The lateral end articulates with the acromium. Collar bones serve as a support for the shoulder blades in front and keep the shoulder blades back so that the arms can hang freely at the sides of the body. They prevent the pectoral girdles from getting out of joint easily and sufficient movement of the shoulders. (@Google) Pelvic girdle is composed of two coxal (hip) bones that are located at the base of the spine. It is also known as the hip girdle. It is the bony structures to which the last limbs of a vertebrate are attached to. 1. Ilium is the upper part of the bony pelvic which is also the largest. It has a prominent ridge running along its upper surface called the iliac crest. (@biology) 2. Iliac crest is for the attachment of body wall muscles. 3. Symphysis pubis is the midline cartilaginous joint uniting the left and right pubic bones. Upper limb can be divided into five main regions which are: The Upper Arm (Humerus) is a single bone. The upper end consists of a hemi-spherical ball which fits into the socket of the shoulder blade to form the shoulder joint. The lower end of the humerus forms a shallow ball and socket joint with the radius and a hinge joint with the ulna in the elbow. Forearm (Radius Ulna) the ulna is the larger of two bones situated in the inner side of the forearm. The upper end of the ulna articulates with the lower end of the humerus forming a strong hinge joint in the elbow region. The lower end of the ulna is slender and plays a minor role in the formation of the wrist joint. The radius is situated on the thumb side of the forearm and its upper end articulate with both the humerus and the ulna. The broad, lower end of the radius forms a major part of the wrist joint, where it articulates with the wrist bones (carpals). The radius also allows the forearm to be rotated. The radio-ulnar joints are pivot joints in which the moving bone is the radius. As the head of the radius pivots at these joints, the lower end of the radius moves round the lower head of the ulna. The Wrist The wrist consists of eight carpal bones. These are small, short bones that are arranged in two rows of four. They have articulating facets which allow them to slide over one another. The Palm of the Hand The palm is supported by five long metacarpals. The metacarpals articulate with carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end. The Fingers The fingers are made up of fourteen phalanges. There are three phalanges in each finger but only two in the thumb. Task 1b The bones in the skeleton are classified according to their shape and size. They are divided into different categories such as: Long bones they are found in the limbs. These have a shaft known as the diaphysis and they consist of two rounded ends known as the epiphysis. They act as levers. Short bones these are small, light, strong and cube-shaped bones. They are like sweet with a hard shell and a soft centre. Flat bones these are thin, flattened and slightly curved. They have a large surface area. Sesamoid bones these are bones found in the tendons, such as the patella in the knee. Irregular bones these are bones with complex shapes and cannot be classified under any of the other categories. Cranium The cranium is a box-like cavity that consists of interlinking segments of bone that gradually fuse together during first few years of life. It contains and protects the brain. Clavicle They are long and slim bones. They provide a strong and mobile attachment for the arms and are designated for the performance of complex movements. Ribs The ribs are long, thin, curved, flat bones. They form a protective cage around the organs in the upper body. Sternum This is a long and flat bone that lies at the centre of the chest. It is commonly referred to as the breast bone and it divided into three sections: the top, the mid and the lower section. It forms the rib cage that protects the heart, lungs and major blood vessels. Humerous The humerous is the largest bone in the upper limbs. Its a long bone and its head joins with the scapula to make the shoulder joint. The end of this bone joins with radius and ulna to make the elbow joint. Radius and ulna The ulna and radius articulate distally with the wrist. The radius contributes more to the movement of the wrist than the ulna and is also the longer bone. The convex shape of the radius allows it to move around the ulna to make the hand turn. Scapula The scapulae are large, triangular, flat bones that form the posterior part of the shoulder girdle. It serves as an attachment for several muscles. Movements of the scapula are brought about by scapular muscles. Ilium The Ilium is the wide flat upper portion of the pelvis that is connected to the base of the vertebral column. It supports the lower abdominal organs. The ilium is the largest part of the innominate bone. Pubis The pubis is also known as the pubic bone. It makes the lowest part of the innominate bone. Ischium The Ischium is located below the ilium and makes the middle of the innominate bone. Carpals These are the bones that make up the wrist. They are made of regular and small bones which are fit closely together and kept on place by ligaments. Metacarpals On the palm of the hand metacarpals are padded by a thick layer of fibrous, connective tissue on the back of the hand and they can be seen and felt through the skin. The heads of the metacarpal bones form the knuckles. Metacarpals join the carpals with the phalanges and help support movement of the fingers. Phalanges These are small bones that make up the skeleton of the thumbs, fingers and toes. The phalanges at the top of the fingers are and toes are called distal phalanges, the ones that join the bones of the hands and feet are known as the proximal phalanges. Patella The patella (knee cap) is the triangular shaped bone in front of knee joint. It protects the knee joint. Tibia and fibula The tibia is the inner and thicker of the two long bones in the lower leg. It is also called the shin bone and is the supporting bone of the lower leg. The fibula is the outer and thinner bone of the lower leg. The fibula provides attachment for the muscles. Tarsals These are short and irregular bones. They help to support the weight of the body and provide attachment for the calves. Metatarsals The metatarsal is one of the five long, cylindrical bones in the forefoot the forefoot is responsible for supporting body weight and balance pressure through the balls of the feet. Femur This is the longest bone in the body. The top of it fits into the sockets of the pelvis to make the hip joint, and the lower ends joins with the tibia to make the knee joint. The femur supports the weight of the upper body and enables movement of the legs. JOINTS Joints provide the link between bones. A joint is formed wherever two or more bones meet. There are three types of joint, each classified according to the degree of movement they allow. Fixed A fixed joint occurs where the margins of two bones meet and interlock. Bands of tough, fibrous tissue hold the bones together. They are also known as fibrous or immovable joints. An example of a fixed joint is between the plates in the cranium. Slightly movable These allow some slight movement as the name suggests. The ends of bone are covered in hyaline cartilage which is separated by pads of white fibro cartilage. Slight movement is made possible because the pads of cartilage compress. Between most of vertebrae is an example of this type of joint. Synovial They offer the highest level of mobility at a joint and they consist of two or more bones, the ends of which are covered with articular cartilage, which allows the bones to move over each other with minimum friction. Synovial fluid lubricates and nourishes the joint. The joint capsule is held together by ligaments. This provides the strength to avoid dislocation, while being flexible enough to allow movement. Synovial joints can be divided into groups according to the type of movement they allow. Hinge These allow movement in one direction only. Elbow and knee are typical examples of hinge joints. The types of movement allowed are flexion and extension. Ball and socket It allows movement in all directions. The types movement allowed are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumductiom, rotation, pronation, supination, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, evasion and hyper extension. Examples include the hip and shoulder joints. Ellipsoid These are a modified version of ball and socket. Movement is backward and forwards and from side to side. They are also known as condyloid joints and the wrist joint is an example. Ellipsoid joints allow circumductiom, inversion and eversion. Gliding These allow movement over a flat surface in all directions, but this is restricted by ligaments or bony prominence, for example carpals and tarsal. Gliding joints allow inversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion and eversion. Pivot These allow rotation only about a single axis. An example is in the neck, where the atlas and axis join. Saddle These are similar to ellipsoid joints but the surfaces are concave and convex. Movement occurs backwards and forward and from side to side, as at the base thumb. SKELETAL RESPONSE TO EXERCISE Synovial Fluid movement at joints stimulates the secretion of Synovial fluid. Becomes less thick range of movement at joints increases. Mineral Content increased by physical activity on bones e.g. increase of calcium collagen to keep up with the demand pressed on your bones. Cartilage- becomes thicker becoming better at shock absorption, with regular exercise it also connects the ribs to the sternum. Tendons they become thicker and are able to withstand greater forces applied when we take part in a physical activity. Ligaments these will stretch causing an increase in flexibility so that the person taking part in the physical activity is able to twist and turn without getting any injuries. (it helps increase agility) Bones becomes stronger denser as a result of the demands you place on them through physical activity exercise. So it becomes hard for the bones taking part in an activity to break compared to that of a person who is not taking part in any activity. MUSCLES The main function of the muscles is to move the bones of the skeleton. There are three different types of muscle tissue which are: Cardiac Is an involuntary muscle that forms the wall of the heart and works continuously. It is highly resistant to fatigue. Each contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle as a whole represents one heart beat. Skeletal It is also known as striped or striated muscle. They are attached to the bones of the skeleton by tendons and they usually work in pairs. These muscles are voluntary i.e. works under conscious control. Smooth It is an involuntary muscle that functions under the control of the nervous system. it is located in the walls of the digestive system and blood vessels and helps to regulate digestion and blood pressure. All skeletal muscles contain a mixture of fast and slow twitch fibres. Type 1 muscle fibres slow-twitch This type of muscles contract slowly with less force. They are slow to fatigue and suited to long duration aerobic activities. They are recruited for low intensity activities likes long-distance running. Type 2a muscle fibres fast-oxidative They contract very quickly, are able to produce a great force as well as resistant to fatigue. These muscle types are suited for middle-distance evens like 800m and 1500m running. Type 2b fast-glycoltic This type of muscle fibre contracts rapidly and can produce large amounts of force; they are better suited to activities that require sudden bursts of power such as high jump. They also tire easily. MAJOR MUSCLES Origin muscles origin is attached to the immovable bone. Insertion muscles insertion is attached to the movable bone. BICEP Function flexes the lowers arm. Location inside of arm. Movement the origin is the scapula, which is movable, and the radius is the insertion that moves with contraction. Sporting/exercise when taking a jump shot in basketball the insertion moves back as the biceps contracts to pull the arm. Agonist when making the shot. Concentric contraction. TRICEP Function extends the lower arm. Location outside of upper arm. Structure Movement Sporting/exercise when Agonist when lowering then arm. Antagonist when working against biceps. DELTOIDS Functions abducts, flexes and extends upper arm. Location forms cap of shoulder. Origin clavicle, scapula and acromion. Insertion humerus. Sport/exercise forward, later and back-arm raises, overhead. PECTORALS Functions flexes and abducts upper arm. Location large chest muscle. Origin sternum, clavicle and ribcage. Insertion humerus. Sports/exercise all pressing movements. RECTUS ABDOMINIS Functions flexion and rotation of lumbar region of vertebral column. Location six pack muscle running down abdomen. Origin pubic crest and symphysis Insertion Xiphoid process. Sports/exercise sit-ups. QUADRICEPS Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Functions extends lower leg and flexes thigh. Location front of thigh. Origin Ilium and femur Insertion tibia and fibula Sports/exercise knee bends, squats HAMSTRINGS Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Biceps femoris Functions flexes lower leg and extends thigh. Location back of thigh. Origin ischium and femur. Insertion tibia and fibula. Sports/exercise e.g. running (extending leg and flexing knee) GASTROCNEMIUS Function plantar flexion flexes knee. Location large calf muscle. Origin femur Insertion calcaneus. Sports/exercise running, jumping and standing on tiptoe. SOLEUS Function plantar flexion. Location deep to gastrocnemius. Origin fibula and tibia. Insertion calcaneus. Sports/exercise running and jumping. TIBIALIS ANTERIOR Functions dorsiflexion of foot. Location front of tibia on lower leg. Origin lateral condyle. Insertion by tendon to surface of medial cuneiform. Sports/exercise all running and jumping exercise. ERECTOR SPINAE Function extension of spine. Location long muscle running either side of spine. Origin cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Insertion cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Sporting/exercise prime mover of back extension. TERES MAJOR Function rotates and abducts the humerus. Location it is found between the scapula and humerus. Origin posterior surface of the scapula. Insertion intertubercular sulcus of humerus. Sporting/exercise all rowing and pulling movements. TRAPEZIUS Function elevates and depresses scapula. Location large triangular muscle at top of back. Origin continues insertion along acromion. Insertion occipital bone and all thoracic vertebrae. Sporting/exercise shrugging and overhead lifting. LATISSIMUS DORSI Functions extends and abducts the lower arm. Location large muscle covering back of lower ribs. origin vertebrae and iliac crest Insertion humerus. sporting/exercise rowing movements OBLIQUES Function lateral flexion of trunk. Location found on the waist. origin pubic crest and iliac crest insertion -fleshly strips to lower eight ribs Sporting/exercise oblique curls. GLUTEUS MAXIMUS Function -0 extends the thigh. Location large muscle on the buttocks. Origin ilium, sacrum and coccyx. insertion femur Sporting/exercise knee-bending movements, cycling. RESPONSE TO EXERCISE Short-term responses these are the responses that happens immediately and do not continue to be like that after the physical activity. An increase in muscular temperature and metabolic activity. Muscles become more pliable which increases their flexibility and reduce the risk of injuries. Long-term responses this is sort of an outcome that is achieved after a long time of training Muscle bulk and size will increase. Tendons become thicker and stronger. Articular cartilage becomes thicker. There is an increase in muscle tone and possibly reduction in body fat. Cardiovascular System Structure The cardiovascular system consists of heart, blood vessels and blood. It is also referred to as the circulatory system. This system is the major transport system in the body by which food, oxygen and all other essential products are carried to the tissue cells. The heart is the centre of the cardiovascular system. It is a muscular pump which pumps blood to the working muscles. It is situated in the left side of the chest beneath the sternum. An adult heart is about the size of a closed fist. The heart wall is made up of three layers: the epicardium (the outer layer), myocardium (the strong middle layer that forms most of the heart wall), and the endocardium (the inner layer). The septum separates the right and left side of the heart. Each side has two chambers which function separately from one another. The atria are the upper chambers of the heart. They receive blood returning to the heart from either the body or the lungs. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the left and right pulmonary veins. The ventricles are the pumping chambers of the heart. They have thicker walls than the atria. The right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation for the lungs and the left ventricle pumps blood to the systematic circulation for the body. Valves prevent backflow of blood. The bicuspid valve allows blood to flow in one direction only, from the left atrium to the right ventricle. The tricuspid valve allows blood to flow the right atrium to the right ventricle. The pulmonary valve prevents backflow from the pulmonary artery. The aortic valve prevents backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle. Chordae tendineae are cord-like tendons that connect to the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. They prevent the valves from turning inside out. The aorta is the main artery in the body and it originates in the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to body tissues except the lungs. The superior vena cava receives deoxygenated blood from the upper body to empty into the right atrium of the heart. The inferior vena cava receives deoxygenated blood from the lower body to empty into right atrium of the heart. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart back to the lungs. It is the only the artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood. As the heart contracts, blood flows around the body in a complex network of vessels. The structure of the different vessels within the cardiovascular system is determined by their different functions and the pressure of blood exerted within in them. Arteries carry blood away from the heart and with exception of the pulmonary artery they carry oxygenated blood. They have thick muscular walls to carry blood at high speeds under high pressure. The contractility of the arteries helps to maintain blood pressure in relation to changes in blood flow. Arterioles have thinner walls than arteries. These vessels control blood distribution by changing their diameter. Capillaries form an extensive network that connects arteries and veins. They are the smallest of all blood vessels, narrow and their walls are just one cell thick. Veins facilitate venous return the return of deoxygenated blood to the heart. They branch into smaller vessels called venules, these collect blood leaving the capillarie s and transport it to the veins. CARDIO VASCULAR (CV) Functions Delivery of Oxygen and Nutrients the key function of the circulatory system is to supply oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body. Blood carries nutrients absorbed from the intestine to the of the body, along with oxygen and water. Removal of waste products the circulatory system is responsible for the removal of waste products from the tissues to the kidneys and liver returns carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. Thermoregulation the cardiovascular system is also responsible for the distribution and redistribution of heat within the body to maintain thermal balance. CARDIO VASCULAR Responses to Exercise During exercise, the heart beats faster and harder in order to meet the demands of the energy by the working muscles. If these demands are repeated frequently, the heart eventually becomes stronger. The heart and blood vessels of the circulatory system adapt to these repeated demands. Short-term responses Anticipatory heart rate before starting exercise the heart rate usually increases above resting levels to meet the demands of an exercise. Heart rate at onset of exercise this is the heat rate as exercise begins. Redirection of blood flow at the start of exercise, nerve centres in the brain detect an activity resulting in the rate and pumping strength of heart to increase. Regional blood flow is changed in proportion to the intensity of the activity to be undertaken. Vasodilatation this is the widening of blood vessels in order to increase blood flow when it is getting pumped out in high amounts. Vasoconstriction this is the narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow. Long-term Responses Cardiac hypertrophy this is when the heart increases in size and blood volume. The wall of the ventricle thickens, increasing the strength potential of its contractions delivering more oxygenated blood to the working muscle so that they do not fatigue easily. Increased stroke volume the volume of blood pumped out each beat increases. Increased cardiac output the volume of blood pumped in one minute increases as a result the of increased heart rate, stroke volume or both. Decreased resting heart rate the heart rate returns to normal after exercise quickly. This reduces the work load on the heart. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Nasal cavity this is the passage above and behind the nose. Air enters the body through the nostrils. Small hairs within the nostrils filter out dust and all sorts of foreign particles before the air passes into the two nasal passages of the nasal cavity. The air is then further warmed and moistened before it passes into the nasopharynx. A mucous layer within this structure traps smaller foreign particles, which the cilia transport to the pharynx to be either swallowed or spit out. Pharynx This is a funnel shaped that connects the nasal cavity and the mouth to the larynx and oesophagus. Commonly known as the throat, the pharynx is a small length of tubing that measures approximately 10-13cm from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebrae. The muscular pharynx wall is composed of skeletal muscle throughout its length. It is a passage way for food as well as air. This outlines that it has to have special adaptations to prevent choking when swallowing food or drink. Larynx it has got rigid walls made up of muscles and cartilage and it contains the vocal cords and connects the pharynx to the trachea. Trachea It is also known as windpipe and it is approximately 12cm long and 2cm in diameter in size, containing rings of cartilage to prevent it from collapsing. It travels down the neck in front of the oesophagus and branches into two bronchi. Bronchus the main aim for the bronchi is to conduct air into the lungs. The right bronchus is shorter and wider than the left. When air is inhaled and reaches the bronchi, it is warm, clear of most impurities and saturated with water vapour. Onc

The Rastafarian Religion :: essays research papers

While some will call Rastafarianism a religion, others will say that Rastafarianism is a kind of spiritual consciousness because the Rastas lack a great deal of what is central for other religions while still retaining a belief in a God. There aren't too many organised Rasta 'churches', and the closest thing you would come to a church will probably be Rasta organisations like 'The Twelve Tribes of Israel', the 'Nyabinghi Order' and especially the 'Bobo Dreads'. Rastafarianism also lacks a confession of fate, which most other religious systems will have. So the question will remain open if this is a religion or a spiritual consciousness where everyone calling him/herself a Rasta will be more or less free to believe in what they like. As already mentioned, Rastafarianism is not just a religion or spiritual consciousness, but also a way of life. This encompasses among other things food, called Ital food. Rastas are supposed to be vegetarians, while some eat fish, the Ital food consists only of vegetables and spices, not including salt, which for health reasons are not used in cooking. The food is very healthy, as health is also generally very important to Rastas. You will seldom see an unhealthy Rasta. Rastas also smoke ganja, or marijuana as it's more commonly known, but this is not something you have to do. The smoking of ganja is founded on Bible passages describing how ganja was used in ancient times by people like King Solomon, and the Rastas see it as a way to ease the way to commune with Jah. But there are even a small number of Rastas who do not smoke it on the grounds that easy ways out to reach a 'communion' with Jah should not be sought. The Rasta way of life also encompasses a social side, where the lives and rights of everyone, but especially of the poor, are taken into account. They believe that everyone deserves and has the right to freedom, and more than anything else a belief in equal rights for everyone. The question of dreadlocks or no dreadlocks is not so important, even if most Rastas will have them. Even one of today's reggae groups sing a song that's called, 'You don't haffi (have to have) dread to be Rasta' (Morgan Heritage). It's more to do with how you behave, act and what you believe in, than how you look. Even the language of the Rastas has changed the Jamaican Patois language, where many of the expressions unique to Jamaica originated in Rastafarianism, like 'I and I', meaning we.

Rice Terraces in Danger Essay

With bare hands and primitive tools, traditional farmers in the highlands of the Phippines have been shaping the Banaue or Ifugao rice terraces into a grandeur feat that attracts the attention of worldwide visitors. The rice terraces with the cluster sites are dated more than 2,000 years old. These spectacular creations, however, are now in danger of crumbling down into oblivion. The Area in Danger These terraces are situated in the mountain region of the northern part of the Philippines about 340 kilometers away from Manila. From here, the high place could be reached some 8 to 9 hours by motor ride. These terraces have been hand-fashioned like great stairs that if laid straight from one point to another are capable of encircling half the earth’s diameter. For thousands of years, this magnificent human feat has intruded human imagination boosting human creativeness and ingenuity. For all the good attributes rendered to this property, the United Nations Educational Scientific Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has listed the site as a world heritage dubbing it as the â€Å"Eight Wonder of the World. † In 1973, the Philippine government gave these heritage properties a special recognition as a national landmark of being a valuable treasure. In 1995, the UNESCO inscribed the Banaue Rice Terraces and the cluster sites in the World Heritage List. In 1994, by virtue of the Presidential Executive Order 158, it created the Ifugao Rice UNESCO Terraces Commission that gives advisory matters to the Philippine President regarding factors affecting them. Diverse Life Forms For thousands of years, the terrace has been serving as home for diverse life forms including aquatic animals, fishes, etc. , thriving in the water-filled, pollution-free paddies. The terrace is also a home for some native red rice varieties and other indigenous rices, which are also considered endangered. In recent years, however, keen observers have noted some negative changes happening within and outside the terraces. Some contributing factors that have been diverting the terraces to these negative changes include environmental degradation and neglect, the rampant use of synthetic pesticides, degrading rice yield, fast rate of urbanization, growing poverty among terrace farmers, and the fermentation of the once solid indigenous folk cultures. Some parts of the heritage property, which were once verdantly green and fertile have now turned into partly eroded brownish, drying grasslands. In 1950, a data report from Abano (2007) shows that farmers cultivated some 15,000 hectares (about 37,000 acres) of this highland terrace. Today, that figure has dwindled to merely 5,000 hectares (about 12,000 acres) maintained by some 100,000 tribal farmers. UNESCO gave warnings in 2001 the possibility of delisting the Banaue Rice Terraces from the World Heritage List. This is because little efforts have been exerted in saving the heritage property from widening irreversible damage. From a distance, desolate terraced landscapes have already shown wears while other similar areas slowly UNESCO disappear due to lack of care. Younger populations from the darkly terraced areas have instead preferred to migrate to the cities where ‘the lights are brighter’ with more income opportunities to choose from. This transmigration has resulted to erosion, not only of the physical terraces they till, but also of the culture and traditions they have been preserving for thousands of years.

Asses the Strengths and Limitations of Unstructured Interviews

Sociology Asses the strengths and limitations of unstructured interviews for the study of boys underachievement at school Unstructured interviews have advantages and disadvantages and as a qualitative method they are expressed through words and relay people’s thoughts, feelings and motivations. Unstructured interviews are interviews that don’t have certain questions meaning it’s more free and relaxed. They give us a deep understanding of the interviewees world because we can use the answers they give to shape our questions so that they are appropriate and relevant.However, using unstructured interviews can also cause problems, for example they take a long time to conduct. When looking at the advantages and disadvantages we need to look at how this effects what we are trying to research ‘boys underachievement at school’ as this will affect whether the advantages and limitations are relevant to the study. A few advantages of using unstructured intervie ws when studying the underachievement of boys are that the informality of the interview allows the interviewer to gain the trust of the interviewee which is important in this example.Boys at school will not feel comfortable explaining their time at school and why they do/don’t enjoy school if the interviewer is very formal and makes them feel intimidated whereas by using an unstructured interview it allows the boys being interviewed and the interviewee feel more comfortable around each other meaning the boys will be more open and truthful allowing the researcher to gain more and to collect more accurate and in depth data.Another advantage of using this method when researching boys underachievement at school is that because there are no set questions the interviewer can ask questions that they feel are important and will get the most valuable and informative answers which means the data collected will be more valuable. It also means that from the answers that the boys give the interviewer can change and adapt his questions to develop the answer given meaning the data collected will be in depth and very informative.Finally, an advantage of using this method when studying boys underachievement at school is that the interviewee and interviewer can check each other’s meanings. For example, if a question is asked and the boy doesn’t understand the interviewer can adapt and explain so that the boy can give a good answer. This is very good because it allows them to explain what they mean giving the other person a deeper understanding of the questions and answers meaning the interview will be more successful.However, there are also disadvantages of using unstructured interviews when researching boys underachievement at school. Unstructured interviews can take a long time to conduct which means that less can be carried out. This could cause a big problem to give a good range of answers the researcher/interviewer may want to visit different schools t o see how the answers differ in different schools and in different areas.However it would take too long to visit different places and schools because the actual interview takes too long itself. Another disadvantage is that it can go off topic meaning the interview is irrelevant. When interviewing a boy the interview could go off topic meaning that the interview would be useless as it wouldn’t give us any informative information that could you be used to draw up a conclusion.Finally, another disadvantage of using this method when researching boys underachievement at school is that they’re not reliable. As its unstructured the same interview can’t be carried out on lots of people as it will change each time depending on the answers given and how the interviewer responds to them. This means that researchers can’t replicate the interview or compare it to their own findings so there’s no way of knowing if it’s reliable or not.To conclude using un structured interviews when researching boys underachievement at school has both advantages and disadvantages that could mean it’s better and worse than structures interviews. However, I believe that it would still be a good method to use as it will give informative answers and allow the researcher to find out why boys aren’t doing so well at school. It will still give accurate answers as the boys will feel more relaxed meaning they can be looked at and analysed meaning we can draw a conclusion from them. Hannah Smillie