Underdeveloped Africa

Underdeveloped Africa Underdeveloped Africa Home›Economics Posts›Underdeveloped Africa Economics PostsIntroductionThe current underdevelopment in Africa has been one of the biggest concerns facing the economists today. One of the reasons for such underdevelopments is the history of colonial exploitation and extraction and the slave trade. Empirical evidence shows that the underdevelopment has historical connections to the European colonisation (Rodney, 45). This paper analyzes how slave trade and colonisation led to underdevelopment of Africa.AnalysisThe Europeans invaded Africa at a time when the continent was endorsed with a lot of natural resources, which were still not yet exploited. When they started colonising the continent, they exploited these resources and send them back home to develop their continent. They made very little efforts to develop the African continent. This left the continent prone to underdevelopment due to the exploitation of the resources without any meaningful investment. M oreover, slavery and the slave trade led to a decreased number of people in the continent. The strong men from Africa were captured and sold for slave trade to work in the European farms. This left Africa with no people to work in the farms and the small industries.  In fact, research by some scholars shows that population in Congo reduced by over 50% during the colonisation. This left the countries without the human power needed to develop the continent.The loss of human capital in Africa as a result of colonisation had both direct and indirect impact on development. A good example of effects of the slave trade was that when the population reduced in areas infested with tsetse flies, people fled to other areas abandoning their home areas (Law, 34). Such areas remain underdeveloped even to date. Moreover, people turned to kidnapping and abduction of people for slave trade. This led to increase in violence among the Africans. People, therefore, spent much time defending their famili es from the abductors instead of taking part in fruitful economic activities.The slave trade led to the development of a cycle known as the ion-slave cycle or the gun-slave cycle. Slaves were got through abductions and kidnappings from other tribes and with time, from within the tribes. This led to the need for people to defend themselves raising the demand for weapons. These weapons were provided by the Europeans in exchange for the slaves. The result of this wrangle was the collapse of the existing forms of government. Kingdoms and estates disintegrated with raiders replacing the once strong kingdoms. These raiders were unable to develop strong and stable political structures that would ensure that Africa concentrated their efforts on development. The unstable and fragile post-colonial political structures are a direct impact of Africans’ underdevelopment. Most African states employ so many resources on military to end fights, instead of employing such resources for most meaning ful economic activities.When the Europeans were scrambling for Africa, they drew some arbitrary boundaries that worked well in instilling tribalism and racism among the Africans. The Europeans discovered that it would be difficult to fight the African if all the tribes united together against them. Consequently, they employed the divide and rule technique where each tribe was segregated and defeated alone. This barred the creation of a unified national spirit, which was very essential in starting the new countries after gaining independence. The boundaries led to increased wrangles between the different tribes in Africa. This in turn led tribalism and corruption, where people consider their tribe mates first, instead of qualifications. Today, the problem of tribalism in Africa has been a great hindrance to development since the qualified people with necessary skills are left out of employment since they do not belong to a particular tribe. This has also affected the policymaking in development as leaders focus on their tribes and neglect others.When the Europeans established strongholds in Africa, they produced very cheap goods from Europe such as cloths. There was wide market for the Europeans goods in Africa, and they forced them to buy the goods either through persuasion or coercion. In some cases, the Europeans used such goods to win favour from the Africans (Law, 123). In the light of such cheap goods, the African manufacturers lacked market for their goods since theirs were more expensive than the African goods. Consequently, the African producers left their jobs due to lack of market. This killed the spirit of entrepreneurship among the Africans. The result was total dependence on Europeans goods. This greatly contributed to underdevelopment of Africa during and after the colonial times.Another cause for the underdevelopment in Africa was because of the slave trade and colonisation. There was technological stagnation/arrest. When the Europeans first set tled in Africa, they considered everything the Africans did as backward, barbaric and primitive. They discouraged them from taking part in any of such activities, and introduced their ‘civilised’ ways of life. As a result, Africans abandoned their traditional skills like iron smelting, which would have been very crucial in initiating development for the African continents. The worst of this condition is that the Europeans did not teach the Africans their civilised skills, and so the Africans lacked the necessary skills to develop their countries. The loss of industry and skills had a big impact in the establishment and development of industries in Africa.The fight for independence had a great significance in underdevelopment of Africa. During the colonial period, Europe was busy with technological inventions that were very crucial in the development. They captured the body-able Africans to help with such invention (Rodney, 162). The Africans left behind were busy fighting for th eir independence, that they did not have the time or energy for technological inventions. Many people were also killed, leaving behind very weak people. These people could not engage in any technological and development advances. As a result, Africa was left behind in terms of development. Today, Africa still remains behind technologically, and some countries have not been able to recover completely from the effects of colonisation.During the colonial times, the Europeans established industries in their own continents instead of establishing them in Africa. They then exported raw materials for manufacture back to their countries. On top of this, they exported manpower to work in these industries. After the manufacture, they imported the goods back to Africa for markets at cheaper prices (Burnett and Manji, 134). This result of this was that Africa missed out on the early industries that would have been built on after independence. Resources were exploited, with no industry to show f or such exploitation. This culture has continued to date. Resources still flow out of Africa to Europe for manufacture of cheap goods and then brought back to be sold in Africa. Most of Africa’s industrial goods are imported since the West manufacture goods cheaply. This kills the local industries that attempts to come. People will always go for the cheaper product. The preference and dependence on imports have killed invention of industries in Africa. This result is the consistent underdevelopment.The other reason for underdevelopment of Africa as a result of colonisation was the confistication of prime lands and areas by the Europeans, leaving Africans in the least productive areas. When the Europeans first settled in Africa, they took all the prime lands and highland in the continents and acquired rights over the lands. The Africans who lived there were taken to other areas that were not productive, and they had to seek employment on these lands. Today most Europeans still occu py these lands living no chance for Africans to develop on such land. When they get returns from these lands, part of the money is taken back to their mother countries instead of being re-invested in Africa. Consequently, Africa still loses many revenues to the Western countries as a result of the arrangement entered during the colonial periods.When Europeans invaded Africa, they majorly exported primary products from the continent to Europe for manufacture of other products. After gaining independence, African countries continued to depend on primary products and subsistence agriculture. Europe remains the major market for these agricultural products, and thus, they have been accused of regulating the international price for these products. Consequently, Africa suffers a great deal from fluctuations in prices of industrial products since they are the main sources of income. As a result, Africa has continued being poor due to the economic structures; they inherited from the colonial powers.During the colonial times, education given to the black people was meant to produce clerks and bookkeepers who would work for the Europeans. There was no education for acquisition of technical skills, which would have been essential for development. The result of this was that there were no educated Africans who would propel the continent to economic development. When the Europeans realised that independence for Africa was inevitable, they started training Africans to take their positions. The trick was to use these educated Africans to protect their interests instead of providing skills and leadership for Africa. The education system introduced a set of black ‘colonists’. These black colonists continued to protect the interests of the Europeans in exploiting Africa (Page, 25).This also contributed to underdevelopment in Africa. Moreover, the number of graduates produced did not have the necessary value additions. They only obtained the basic learning skills without nece ssary skills for development. The resources sustained by the few Europeans would were not enough for the large number of graduates leaving schools. This meant that the graduates had nowhere to work from rendering them useless in the society. The education system, therefore, did little to induce economic development in Africa.ConclusionThere are very clear findings that there is a direct connection between the current under developed status of Africa and its history in colonialism and the slave trade. Slave trade reduced the human capital, which was very crucial in developing the continent (Burnett and Manji, 253). Moreover, hunting for slaves through abduction and kidnapping resulted in political instabilities that have continued to characterise Africa. Most African nations devote most of its resources in military to fight political instability. Moreover, the instability has led to lack of accountable and stable leadership that will provide governance and leadership for the economic development and prosperity of the African continent. This makes Africa continue to depend on the colonial masters for guidance.Colonisation, on the other hand, led to the exploitation and extraction of primary resources necessary for the economic development.   Boundaries created during this period continue to be a source of conflict for most African countries, which hinders economic prosperity. Technological advancement in Europe pushed Africa into technological backwardness because the advancements in Europe ensured production of cheap products that were readily available. This killed the African industries which, to date continues to produce expensive goods. They are, therefore, unable to compete with the European products leading to the ultimate closure of the industries. The colonialists also failed to provide skilful and technical education that would help in developing Africa. Therefore, Africans still rag behind in terms of skills and expertise needed for development.

Improve Your Life With The Classical Music Essay

BLOG In: Popular topics It seems, that everyone heard, that the classical music can have some special features. And if we check the result of the different works of the scientist, we will see, that this type of the music is very useful as for our body as for our soul. The music helps our brain to work properly, you will be able to sleep better and will be able to overcome the stress. The detailed information you can order in music in my life essay. Our professional writers will be glad to prepare it for you. The reasons to hear the classical music 1. It will help your brain to work properly The group of scientists had some researches and they showed, that the students were able to give more correct answers to the test, when they heard the classic music. They paid more attention to the different tasks and did not need as much time to finish the test as the students, which did not hear the music. It means, that the classical music can help you to concentrate and remember all information you have studied before. Because of this fact, a lot of teachers can recommend their students to do their homework, listening to the classic music. Just try and you will see, that you will get the great results. 2. Help the elderly people A lot of old people have the different problems with their memory. Sometimes, they have different illnesses and even could not recognize their relatives. But the classical music can help them to improve their memory. Yes, sure, it is impossible to overcome the illness with the help of the music, but you can improve some moments of your relatives. The scientists had a lot of different researches and they proved, that the music can help people a lot. If you wish to get more information about this theme, you can order the music therapy essay on our site and you can be sure, that you will be satisfied with the result of the paper. Our writers will be able to provide you with the different essay, even if you need to get the essay about evolution, they will do it for you. 3. You will sleep well If you have a lot of different things to do tomorrow, you need to sleep well. The classical music will help you to do it. The researches showed, that the students, which heard the classical music, slept better than the students, which read some books. If you wish to relax before you are going to sleep, it is better to listen to the classical music and you will see, that you can forget about the stress and sleep very well. If is possible to order the pop music essay with the detailed information on the given topic. You just need to order the essay and to wait till it is ready. Our essays writer will do all possible to provide you with the best essay in the world. 4. You will be calm when you are driving It seems, that all people are nervous, when they are driving the car. It requires a lot of the attention and because of it, you should be responsible of all actions you have done. Because of it, the scientist recommend you to listen to the classical music, because it will keep you calm. 5. You will not feel the pain If you have some pain, it is very hard to pay the attention to something else. Yes, the music will not be able to help you a lot, but it can be very useful in some moments. Also, if people have a lot of depression, exactly the classical music can help to overcome these problems. Sometimes, if you have a lot of difficulties and you do not know what to do, it is recommended to listen to the classical music and you can be sure, that you will find the right decision. It will help you to keep your thoughts in the order and you will see, what exactly you need to do. 6. Show the emotions With the help of the music you will be able to show your real emotions. Did you notice, that when you are watching the films, the music plays the important role there, because it is changed in the different moments and helps us to show the different emotions. You should know, that it is very dangerous if you keep your emotions inside of you. It is recommended to show all your feelings, because if you collect them inside, you can have a lot of problems with the health in the future. Because of it, you just need to listen to the classical music and you will let all your emotions go. It means, that you will be happy and healthy, because you will nit have the problems with the negative emotions. It is possible to check all the examples of our essays, which are published on our site. 7. Control the blood pressure It is the very interesting fact, but the scientists show the connection between the blood pressure and the classical music. If you have the high pressure, it is recommended to listen to the music and because of it, your blood pressure will be normal. 8. Help you with the diet It seems to be the best advice for the girls, which can try a lot of the different diets. It is recommended to eat slowly, but it is very difficult for us to follow this advice. But the solution was found. If you wish to eat slowly, you need to switch on the slow classical music and you even will not notice, that you will eat slowly. It will help your body a lot and the main fact is, that you do not need to do anything else. To sum up, you can see, that the classical music can have only the positive influence on our life and because of it, you need to hear it a lot. It will improve your body and your health. If you need to have more additional information, our writers will be glad to provide you with the essay music and it will exceed all your expectations.

Archetype Analysis of Lord of the Flies - 2467 Words

Abstract: William Golding won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1983, for his first writing Lord of the Flies, in which symbolism is wildly used and attributes lots of symbolic meanings to the characters and events. The story thus becomes vivid and profound. This paper aims at using Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung’s collective unconscious and archetypal theories to interpret the archetypes of characters, natural scenes and themes. Key words: symbolism, Lord of the Flies, collective unconscious, archetypal theory 0. Introduction Lord of the Flies is the masterpiece of William Golding. With its medium size, the author exerts his imagination and creativity, and successfully produces plenty of vivid and appropriate symbols, which†¦show more content†¦Thus he matches with the title of being a hero. 2) Archetype of demon The antagonist in this novel, Jack, is the archetype of demon. Jack is described by Golding as â€Å"tall, thin, and bony; and his hair was red beneath the black cap. His face was crumpled and freckled, and ugly without silliness. Out of this face stared two light blue eyes, frustrated now, and turning, or ready to turn, to anger† (251). His eyes are always used in the novel to depict his emotions, as they are above. His appearance leaves a bad impression on our readers. He seems to be crazy in hunting pigs, which turns worse and worse in a situation far away from the civilized society. Gradually, he becomes an animal without reason, so that sometimes he will disguise himself by the mixture of red, white and black dirt, like a barbarian. â€Å"In the beginning of the story Jack, still conditioned by the previous society he had been a part of, could not bear to kill a pig that was caught in the brush. As the plot progresses he becomes less and less attached to any social norms † (Li Xin 104). As structure breaks down, Jack forms his own separate sect separating from Ralph and the rest of the group. In the end, he breaks Piggy’s glasses and leads the others towards Piggy’s murder. He brings the boys into mass hysteria and eventually hunts Ralph down like an animal. Not seeming to care about being rescued,Show MoreRelatedComparative Analysis Of Brave New World And Lord Of The Flies 888 Words   |  4 PagesWorld and Lord of the Flies: Comparative Analysis on Archetypes Sometimes, societies cannot avoid sacrifice in order to thrive. Unfortunately, the purest individuals often make the sacrifices, not the deserving. Jesus Christ, a common archetype among literary characters, sacrificed himself for His community and people around Him. William Golding and Aldous Huxley’s contemporary dystopian novels reflect a similar theme through their use of archetypes. 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Marketing Audit - 977 Words

Explanation of what a marketing audit is: The purpose of a marketing audit is to review and appraise existing marketing activities and to look at the way the marketing is planned and managed, giving the opportunity for a systematic examination of each element of the organisations current marketing activity and achievements, and to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of the organisations investment in marketing. The marketing audit assists in the evaluation of the whole marketing activity, and provides the tools to assess past and present performance to provide a basis for evaluating possible future courses of action. You are able to discover the strengths and weaknesses in relation to opportunities and threats you face as an†¦show more content†¦It will assist in assessing whether the organisation has the required capabilities, structure and resources to pursue market opportunities and improve the market position. 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History Of The Hells Angels - 1163 Words

History of the Hells Angels The Hells Angels were originally a band of military aircrafts that flew over the skies of Europe during the Second World War. The men that served in the Hells Angels were some of the most prestigious and recognized pilots in the history of the military. However, the name now associates itself with one of the most infamous biker gangs that was established by San Bernardino back in 1948. The name has been so tarnished since, that once we hear it, all that we can think about is motorcycles, drugs, alcohol, guns and violence. It began as an idea where motorcycle enthusiast would join together and care for one another at the initial indication of trouble such as a family would. The leaders of the club would recruit prospects and evaluate over a large period of time to determine whether or not they would stand by their new brothers and forever support the organization. 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In the case of John Milton’s Paradise Lost, Satan exists as the protagonists of Milton’s epic, seeking revenge on God for punishing him to the depths of hell for leading a revolt against heaven. However, although Satan’s actions are villainous and sinful, his tale follows that of the traditional

Sundiata/ Things Fall Apart Essay - 1236 Words

Andrea C. Mathis Dr. T. P. Mahadevan Introduction to Humanities I 21 October 2014 Revised: 1 December 2014 Make Believe Creatures Historically Africa has been partly constructed by journals, books, etc. written by white hand. It is believed by many that one cannot truly talk about the land, unless they have lived the land. Two particular novels and oral epics that depict this perspective, the perspective of the colonized, are Things Fall Apart, written by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe, and Sundiata by author Djibril Tamsir Niane. At the end of Things Fall Apart, the District Commissioner, who was the British colonial administrator put in place to govern the Igbo society, is shown writing a book he plans to call the Pacification of the†¦show more content†¦Not only would the British colonial showcase how the natives were unprivileged, but also how they were savage. In seek of revenge, Ikemefuna had been residing in the Okonkwo’s household and after three years must now be killed. The oldest clan elder of Umuofia seeks Okonkwo and tells him, â€Å"that boy calls you father, [so] do not bear a han d in his death†. Okonkwo disobeys the advice from authority and joins the party to kill Ikemefuna in fear of appearing weak. His actions are too close to killing a kinsman; which leads to the importance to Okonkwo how he is perceived to the clan that he will exhaust all levels of savagery even if it means violating tribal laws. Gender roles played a crucial part to the understanding of the people of Umuofia; especially to Okonkwo. But just as in today’s world, one person of a group cannot define the entire group, it was the same back then, which further proves how the District Commissioner’s view of Umuofia would not represent the entire clan, let alone Africa as a whole. Okonkwo’s motivation behind his views of patriarchy stem from his father Unoka; he wanted to be such a great man of the tribe, unlike his â€Å"agbala† of a father. Okonkwo’s son â€Å"[n]woye knew that it was right to be masculine and to be violent, but somehow he still preferred the stories that his mother used to tell, and which she no doubt still told to her younger children†¦but he now knew that they were for foolish women

BoysGirls Club Free Essays

The Boys Girls Club has opened my eyes to many opportunities. This is a safe place where parents can drop off their children or child when they have to go to work. Every day after school I go the Boys Girls and I have so many things I could do. We will write a custom essay sample on BoysGirls Club or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such as playing sports in the gym, and even swim in the indoor swimming pool. The Boys Girls club has a teen center where I always have someone to talk to like friends, counselors, even staff members. I have been a member of the Boys Girls club since the third grade. I used to like coming to the club but now I love it even more. The club is where I can study and do my homework. I have many interests I’m involved with such as the torch club, mentoring, and previously in apprentice. These activities help me get involved with the community as I grow up. For example the torch club helps me keep the earth clean by recycling, helping the elderly, and giving food and other items needed by people. The mentoring program helps me improve my learning skills for any subject. They help with homework, tests, quizzes, and have fun with you like a best friend. The club means a lot to me as you can see and I’m pretty sure other kids think the same way. I think I am very lucky to be part of the club. I will always keep the club in my heart because their like my second family. I have been a member for 5 years and I think this place is sweet. The club is a great place to be. That’s what the Boys Girls club means to me. How to cite BoysGirls Club, Essay examples